Tuesday 2nd September 1942

Since Sunday the weather as got very hot again, there was clouds about yesterday but no rain, this morning the cloud thickened this afternoon it cooled down, then it started to rain very heavy. During the past week at Barrackpore Reinforcement Camp the routine's been much the same as the past few weeks. We have plenty of work to keep us occupied, and going to and from Calcutta and the gun-sites we have not seen much trouble. I understand the Indians and Muslims are still bashing each other. We do not understand why the two different races cannot respect the others religion and live in peace. I know neither of them believe in mixed marriages but that should not stop them being good neighbours. Although from what I have seen the Indians will do any type of work, but the Muslims want to be shop-keepers or business men. This could be at the source of some of the friction. When we first arrived in India I noticed the Muslims all looked clean and tidy, office types certainly not manual workers. Maybe I have got the wrong impression, but all the other lads I have spoken to, think the same has me, and we all disapprove of the caste system in this country.

We heard the sad news that H.R.H. the Duke of Kent was killed on the 25th August, when a Sunderland flying boat he was in crashed.

War News:- New Guinea. On the 27th August, Japanese troops landed in Papua, New Guinea in an effort to capture Port Moresby. Australian troops and Allied aircraft inflicted severe losses on their forces and they were quickly withdrawn.

Wednesday 3rd September 1942

When we woke this morning it was much cooler than of late, the rains have come. I don’t know if has been raining all night, the ground was very wet and it was raining when we went to bed last night. During the day it's poured down, when we went in for our evening meal, Bill Kennedy was moaning as usual. He said it had rained in their tent, "his words it's been raining cat and dogs all day and I haven’t got a dry piece of clobber" Bill Lloyd said "you mean it's been raining stair rods and it's still persisting down" The rain as held up a lot of the work today which is being done in the open because we have not got our workshop and the lads could not do some of the jobs on the gun-sites for the same reason. Due to sickness and shortage of men some of the tradesmen have had to fill other posts. For instance there should be two store men, one went sick and was sent back to England, the other one (we call Jimmy) his surname is James also keeps going sick, so Arthur Woodcock, who is a Radio Mechanic has been working in the stores. All the driver mechanics and some of the drivers have been working with the motor mechanics. The unit have a wagon fitted out with two different size lathes, but we have not got a turner at the moment, Hugh Neill one of the general duty men has been doing the turning. I have also seen Captain Titley working on one of the machines seemingly he is able to turn his hand to any of the engineering work. He is very good at his job and he is willing to teach his men. Hugh said he had worked on a lathe before the war but was not fully skilled, he said the O.C. had taught him a lot.

War News:- Middle East - Egypt. On the 31st August the German Afrika Korps launched an attack on the British positions near Mount Hemeimat. They were immediately engaged by our troops and were subjected to a none stop air attack by the R.A.F. Unable to pierce the defences they retired on 2nd September.

War News:- Russian front- German troops continue their advance towards Stalingrad, fighting is fierce on a very large front.

Friday 4th, Saturday 5th September 1942

Another two days of very heavy rain, all our clothes and equipment is wet through. Inside our tent is inches deep in water, our boots are wet through and thick with mud. The lads are working the best they can in the circumstance, without a work-shop. When it rains here it is like a thousand taps have been turned on, and it does not know how to turn off. The trench we dug round the tent soon filled up and overflowed, kit bags and boots etc, that were stood on the floor, are in the water, there is no where else to put them.

Sunday 6th September 1942

The rain started a few days ago after a very hot spell and it as been continual since then until this afternoon when it eased off. The sun came out and steam started to raise up from the canvas tents and the ground. We rigged lines up to hang our clothes on to dry they will not take long in the hot sun. After our evening meal I was getting ready to go to the canteen, when I got a message to pack my kit, I have to go and work at the Artillery H.Q. for a few days. One of my mates is also going with me, it took us a half-hour to get packed and get our vehicles ready and be on our way. We were given directions to the H.Q. which is at No 10 Rainy Park, Ballygunge, Calcutta, it is a large house in a residential district of Calcutta, owned by Europeans who are probably charging the army a high rent for the use of their house, while they spend the monsoon weather up in the hills. Nepal is their favourite holiday area during the very hot season. An old man I met in the bar at the Metro told me, if I managed to get leave while I am in India, to go to Darjeeling, he said the climate is ideal, like the weather in England. We were given charpoy's in a large bedroom at H.Q, at the front of the house. There are French windows in the room that open on to a veranda, which overlooks a large garden with lots of trees. After the rains, tonight it is hot and humid and by the time we had got settled, fixed our mosquito nets up etc. it was time to go to bed.

Monday 7th September 1942

I had a good nights sleep and was woken early with a mug of tea. This is the first time I have slept in a brick building, since we were billeted in a very cold and draughty laundry in Hucknall, Nottingham at the beginning of March, which seems a very long time ago. My mate and I are sharing a room with four of the R.A's, H.Q. staff. They are all pleasant friendly and helpful and seem to get on well together. When we went down to the dinning room for breakfast we met the rest of their staff and found they had a few moaners and groaners. The room where we eat is large and well furnished, with a long wide polished dinning table there are chairs all round to seat about fourteen people. The food was much the same as we get at Barrackpore. An Indian came round with a wooden tray, selling cakes, buns, biscuits and various other pastries. (All the things I do not eat) We were kept very busy all day and did not finish work until late. It is a very warm evening, rather clammy, Bombardier Leroy said "why don't you move your beds onto the veranda and sleep out there, you will find it very pleasant, that is if you are not afraid of the Bats" He told us a lot of their men will not sleep outside because of the large Bats. My mate and I went out to have a look the air was cooler with a nice fresh aroma from some of the trees and plants. We are used to the hundreds of small Bats that we see every night flying around at Barrackpore, but we were surprised to see the size of the large ones in this garden. They call them Flying-Foxes or Fruit-Bats, their head is just like that of a fox, their proper name is Pteropus, and they have a wing span of about 40 inches. They look an awesome sight with their great big wings flying about in near darkness, however we decided they would not bother us and it will be very comfortable sleeping on the veranda, where the air is cooler. The bedroom is large but with six men in it does get stuffy. Outside we will have our mosquito nets up.

Tuesday 8th September 1942

When I went in for breakfast this morning the mail had arrived and there were four air-mail letters for me from home. They had been sent on from my own unit and were very welcome, made my day. All the lads look forward to news from home and are very disappointed when there are no letters for them. War news we get in various ways, by radio, bulletins, newspapers, in Calcutta we can buy newspapers in English. In our own camp, we have a number of radio's the lads have brought with them from England and our own radio mechanics to fix them if they go wrong. My Dads letter was full of all the up to date news from home and the latest from work, L.M.S. Railways, London Road, Goods Dept, Manchester. He told me they had taken on women replacements for the men who have been called up for the forces. Women carters and truckers on the arches, loading vehicles both jobs involve heavy work, the railway must have got a bunch of tough Amazon types. The Indian who sells pastries came round again this morning, while serving one of the R.A's he moved some cakes on the tray and out ran the biggest black, shiny beetle I have ever seen. It must have been two inches long and about three-quarters of an inch wide. Quite unconcerned he knocked it off the tray onto the floor and with a sickening crunch he squashed it with his bare foot. Putting one of the gunners off his breakfast and the Indian could not understand why, the men would not buy any of his buns etc. The weather has been very hot again today I had to change my shirt twice. There is no doubt I will be sleeping on the veranda again tonight.

News from India :- Civil disturbances are still being reported from various towns including Calcutta.

Wednesday 9th September 1942

I got a pleasant surprise this morning, when I went in for breakfast there were six more letters for me from home. That makes ten letters in two days I left most of them to read when I finished work this evening. After our late meal and we had taken malaria precautions, my mate and I went on the veranda to watch the Bat's. They seemed to be flying much closer tonight and they looked enormous, with their terrific wing span. The perfume from the garden was very strong, pleasant and it seemed to hang in the warm night air. Shortly after we had gone to bed, we got called out and had to go down to the hall. One of the R.A's had been attacked by a crowd of Indians, just outside the gate to the H.Q. He had been badly injured, and been bitten on his forearm. We went out in groups and searched the area, but were unable to find them, they must have seen us coming and ran away. Our orders were, if we caught them, we had to hand them over to the civilian police. The search continued until 02.00 hrs, and was then called off, by then the police had arrived, and they carried on. By this time we were all very tired, it was still very warm and I was glad to get back into my bed, which is on the veranda. One of the R.A's said "I don't know how you can sleep out there with all those flipping great Bat's flying around.

Thursday 10th, Fri 11^th, & Sat 12th September 1942

I have been kept rather busy working here at the 66th Royal Artillery H.Q, Calcutta, and have got to know a lot of the men and found them to be a good crowd. Bombardier Leroy is one of the older men, small in stature an unflappable person with a friendly personality, able to scotch trouble makers and moaners with a few words in a quiet spoken voice. He has been with the R.A's since they were a territorial section in Leeds, he knows everyone and is able to obtain all the latest information. This evening I was told I am wanted back at my own unit tomorrow. When I told Leroy, he said he already knew, and that our unit would be moving soon that is why I have to return. The weather is not as hot tonight, cooler and fresher, still very nice on the veranda with the smell of the garden plants. I may as well sleep out here again for the last time, the Bat's have not troubled me and when I wake up in the morning, they are no where to be seen.

Sunday 13th September 1942

When I arrived back at my own unit today, the first thing I was told, we are moving from Barrackpore on Wednesday. We will probably be going to a camp where we will be able to set up our own workshop. All the lads are very pleased to be leaving here. I do not think anyone has enjoyed their stay at this camp, too much bull-shine. It maybe alright for regular soldiers who have nothing else to do, but we have come out here to do a job and we want to get on with it. Training to fight and firing weapons etc, we don't mind or route marching and P.T. They all help toughen you up for the job in hand, but arms-drill is boring. I think the worst job in the army is the Guard Regiments, they have to do ceremonial parades, I certainly would not like that. When this war is over I will never go on another parade.

Mon 14th & Tues 15th September 1942

Yesterday and today we have all been very busy, finishing work that had already been started on guns and vehicles etc. We had to maintain our own vehicles and load them ready for our journey. We have not been told our destination the C.S.M said the reason for this is so that no one inadvertently speaks about it in the presents of unauthorised persons. He said it very easy to assume all the workers in this camp are friendly, but this might not necessarily be true and in war time we must not take chances with anyone, including civilians working in the camp Indians or Europeans. My ears have been troubling me again today, I have had earache quite often recently, a number of the lads in the camp have been complaining they have had earache. I do not want to report sick, some of the R.A's that have gone to the M.O with ear trouble, they were sent to hospital and were kept in. I wish to avoid going into hospital specially with flipping earache. Bill Lloyd thinks the ear trouble is caused by the water in the swimming pool, most of the lads that have used it have complained of earache. By this evening 15th, all the vehicles have been maintained and loaded ready for the off. We have been advised to go to bed early tonight ready for an early start in the morning.

Wednesday 16th September 1942

We were woke this morning at 03.30 hrs, with a mug of tea. There were many blear-eyed blokes in the ablutions this morning. After breakfast we were given iron rations for the days journey (that meant no cooked meals). After loading our personal kit on the trucks and doing a final check, we started our journey in convoy, leaving Barrackpore at 05.00 hrs. During our conversation yesterday, we had all expected to be going East to Assam or Burma, but in fact I soon found we were travelling West. After a while I realised we were leaving Calcutta on the road we had entered on our trip from Bombay, now we were going in the opposite direction to-awards Asansol. The trip was dusty and slow, this could be expected, all the vehicles are heavily loaded, plus the poor state of the road. We have some new drivers, who joined us at Barrackpore they are driving on these roads for the first time. When the convoy stopped for us to eat our rations and have a drink, the new men and some of our lads that had not been on the Bombay trip, were grumbling about the dust, heat and the state of the road. We arrived at our destination, at 16.30 hrs, our camp and workshop is to be in, what was Ushergram High School, Asansol. The accommodation is better than tents we are in mud-huts. There is only one tap for all to wash, including the R.A's. The cooks use the same tap for cleaning their pans etc. The tap is fed by a large tank which has to be filled by a supply brought in from another source.

Thursday 17th September 1942

During the night I had earache in both ears, very bad, and they started discharging, specially the left one. There is a loud noise in both ears making it difficult hearing. One of the old soldiers (a regular) said you will have to go sick, ear trouble is prevalent in Bengal, and it will not go away without treatment. He said the infection is picked up in water and I probably got it in the swimming pool. Four of us reported sick this morning all with the same trouble. We were examined by the M.O, and then sent to a hospital in Asansol for treatment all of us were kept in. There we found more of our boys, already in the ward, they had arrived in Asansol with the advanced party and were at least a dozen R.A's all with the same complaint. James our unit Store-man seems to be worse than any of us, he is in a lot of pain, the nursing orderly attended to him first. We were all treated the same first he put some yellow drops in our ears and then covered each ear with a pad of cotton wool, then fastened them with a bandage under our chin and round our face and tied on the top of our head. All in the ward had been treated like that we looked a right lot of Mr Mops!! We were told to get into bed and we must not take the pads off, even though we had trouble hearing.

War News:- A large British convoy bound for Russia was involved in a battle with a strong force of German aircraft and U-boats.

18th, 19th, 20th, 21st September 1942

In hospital fed up and bored, wondering what we are missing in our new camp. I would much sooner be working, driving on the dusty roads rather than laying in bed in hospital. I will not go sick again if I can help it. On one or two occasions during my stay I felt rather cold during the night, the lads that were awake said they felt cold, when we looked at the thermometer it was 80 degrees. We must be getting used to the heat, goodness knows how we shall go on when we go home to our cold winters. It is much cooler here during the day than when we first arrived in India, but it does not take much exercise for us to start sweating.

Tuesday 22nd September 1942

This afternoon the hospital Doctor discharged me and I was able to rejoin my unit, thank goodness. I am feeling much better now. Three of us were discharged today, but we have to attend the M.I, room for treatment. I was pleased to get back to all my pals and to find what has been going on while I was away. The lads have been very busy setting up our work- shop, the large canvas work-shop as been erected for the first time and there is already a gun in there being repaired.

Wednesday 23rd September 1942

Three of us went for treatment this morning, we had drops put in our ear’s and we were told that we are to be put on light duties for the tine being. I feel O.K now and want to get back on my own job. Back in camp I did not say anything and started maintaining my truck, it had not been used while I had been away we are still short of complement. Doing my checks I found two of the spring clips had worked loose, it happens a lot on these rough roads. I fitted new lock washers and then when I was filling the petrol tank I noticed part of the canvas cover was ripped. In the stores I was able to get twine, bees wax and a canvas needle, happily doing the repair when along came Lt Cooke. He said where did you learn to do that, I said, it is easy I watched the men repairing sheets where I used to work. He said "my canvas bed is ripped, do you think you could repair it for me" I said I would do my best. While I was repairing the bed the O.C. came along, and said, "you are making a good job of that, we will have to make you the unit equipment repairer" I said no "thank you"

Thursday 24th September 1942

While I have been in hospital the lad’s in our unit have been working hard laying out the various working areas. The electricians supervised by Cpl Parnell have erected lights over each, so that work can be carried on during darkness, it goes dark at 19.30hrs. I am not very happy with the billet my mates have chosen, it is a dilapidated mud-hut, no door or windows, the earth is the floor, in the past it was white-washed but its nearly all flaked off now. We use oil -lamps in the basha's or to see our way around in the dark, except in the work-shop. The hut is also home to numerous large spiders and other insects. During last night my topee must have fallen on the ground next to my charpoy, when I woke this morning there was no inside to it, the leather band and lining had been eaten by rats. On the Asonsol side of this camp there is a lake two to three hundred yards long by about one hundred yards wide, in this area we have seen dozens of large rats, Bill Kennedy said they are as big as bloody cats. A young teenage boy came to our basha today and asked if he could take our dirty washing home for his mother to wash at a reasonable fee, he said she would do a good job. Of course we all agreed, he will take it in the morning and bring it back late afternoon.

Friday 25th September 1942

Our unit has settled down in this camp, and the various work shops are well laid out to do their respective jobs, its been well organised, and the lads have worked together like a team. After tiffin I went a walk round looking at some of the buildings I had not seen before, and I found a very nice basha with a concrete floor, a door, and a widow. The roof is sound, the walls are white washed, and the place is very clean. It did not take my mates and I long to gather our kit together and move in. There is only one drawback this hut is not far from the small lake, during the day we were invaded by various flying insects and this evening the mosquitoes arrived. The young chap who brought our washing back saw us squatting insects, he said sahib I will go and find you some lizards, they do a good job keeping the moths, mosquitoes and other insects in check. He soon came back with about half a dozen, and let them loose, in no time they were all over the walls doing a grand job. The young lad asked if he could be our bearer, he would keep the basha clean, bring our water, clean our boots, make the beds, and lay our clean clothes out morning and evening. We all agreed, each one of us would pay him weekly plus the money for his mother for doing our washing.

Saturday 26th September 1942

We were woken early morning as usual, with a mug of tea. When I got out of bed, there was my washing water, and my clean clothes for the day all laid out ready to put on. My shirt and shorts etc, were spotlessly clean, the dhobi wallah, or I should say dhobi lady, had certainly done a good job. My work this morning took me to three gun-sites, one was on an airfield, I managed to get back to camp for tiffin. When I went into our hut everything was spick and span, the bearer had certainly done a good job Paddy Neil said we will have to careful he will be making us use ash-trays next. During our tiffin break Paddy, Harry and a few others had made fishing rods, they were sat fishing in the lake, which we have been told is full of fish. When one of them shouted snake, they all jumped up and started chasing it with sticks. A crowd of us went over and joined in, altogether four snakes were caught they were only wee ones about 2 foot long. Dennis Quinn said "don't kill them, they will eat the rats" Harry Coe said "what if they are poisonous, they could kill us" Dennis said "you have a point there" Paddy cut them up for fish bait, not being keen on fishing myself I did not join in.

War News, Russia:- The desperate fighting around Stalingrad as been in the news for some time recently and we are told the Russians are sapping the strength out of the German army. They have been doing this for a long time now and Germany is weakening their forces in other theatres of war to strengthen their position in Russia. The Germans now face another Russian winter, we have been told the first snow has fallen, and they could be beaten by the intense cold without fighting. The Russians are used to their very cold climate the Germans are not. According to the news , we are being told that our forces are now better equipped and in greater strength than at any other time in this war, and the Russians want the allies to open another front to take the pressure off their forces but the powers that be are reluctant to do this. What we do not know is the political situation, our Prime Minister Mr Churchill is an astute person, I am sure he knows best.

Sunday 27th September 1942

We wake early in the mornings with a mug of tea in bed, but we do not have to rush because the bearer has brought our water for a wash and shave and laid our working cloths out ready for us to step into. Breakfast is at 07.00 hrs. The food has been quite good since we arrived here, better than Calcutta. Jack Casey (radio mach) and Russell Youngman collects the rations. We all pay a weekly messing fee to Jack and he buys extras, all types of sauces, curry powder, pepper, fresh fruit and tins of fruit and anything else he can buy in the market. They also collect the fire wood which is used in the cook-house. After the meal the lads wash their eating-irons (knife, fork, spoon, plate and mug) take them back to their basha's and then go to the work-shops. Most of the men have regular jobs that they get on with some of the spare drivers have to check with the office, what their work is for the day. We all try to get for 12.00 hrs, tiffin time, if we are out at a gun-site we try and get something there. In the afternoon we work until about 17.00 hrs, most of the men, fitters etc, are all mucked up and have to get cleaned up before our evening meal, which is at18.00 hrs. In this camp we do not have a canteen or recreational facilities of any kind. After work the lads go fishing or read a book until it goes dark, which is 19.30 hrs. By this time we have taken malaria precautions and retired to our hut. There is not a lot to go into Asansol for, especially if we have seen the films that are on, and we cannot go for a meal every night, we don’t have the money. Jeffries one of the boy's has a gramophone and a few old records; we listened to them for a while and talked and then go to bed.

Monday 28th September 1942

On a trip to a gun-site today I met one the H.Q. staff, I had worked with at their headquarters, and he had just come from Calcutta. He said British, mainly seasoned troops are arriving daily in India, from North Africa. They are being sent into this area, like us waiting to go forward into Assam. He said the information they have received, the Japanese are being held at the Assam–Burma Border. There is not a lot of heavy fighting, just a skirmish, or a patrol clash now and again. The lads have all been saying there must be a big battle in this part of the world before long, and the R.A's, think the build up maybe prelude to this. During tiffin today, Paddy, and some of the lads decided it would be a good idea and a change From camp if we had a trip into Asansol this evening. After our evening meal a few of us got ready and walked into the village, in fact it is a small town. (We call it the village) It's about two miles from our camp, just a nice walk after our meal. We had a good look round taking in all the Sights, sounds and smells, believe me there were many of the later, some very nice perfumes and other very disagreeable pong's. There are two small cinemas one showing a British film, a quite few shops with open fronts, a Y.M.C.A where you can get a meal, it is run by British women. We were told there is a Chinese cafe, but we did not find it tonight. There is a fairly large market that sells most things, one of the boys bought some vest and pants, and they were much the same price as in Calcutta. Before walking back to camp we had a meal in the Y.M.C.A, the menu which is set for the night, was chicken, potatoes and vegetables in a very nice gravy, I must say it was excellent. The only thing that spoilt it, none of us liked the British people that ran the place they were snobs and not friendly people, they gave the impression they were doing us a great favour. The Indian waiters were alright, they were bossed about in an offhanded manor. I don't think we will be going into Asonsol very often, only if we want to go to the cinema, do some shopping, get our hair cut, or go for a meal.

Tuesday 29th September 1942

During our meal tonight Hugh Neill said he thought he saw a wine shop when we were in Asonsol, and he had decided to go out and buy a bottle to liven himself up. He asked who was going with him for a walk, George Jordan said to me "come on Cyril, we have been sat down all day driving, the exercise will do us good". Smudger Smith said he could do with a bottle of plonk. To cheer him up, he had not received a letter from his girl friend during the past few weeks. His girl friend lives in Dukinfield near Manchester; he once told us that she writes to him nearly every day. I know whenever the post arrives Smodger always gets a bundle; goodness knows what she finds to write about. On our walk into the village, we found the shop Hugh had mentioned and sure enough it looked like a wine shop. Inside there were bottles of all descriptions but none with English writing, all were in Hindustani, the shop keeper could not speak much English and Paddy was trying to ask him for a bottle of Rum, in his Irish brogue, it sounded rather funny, he told the man he wanted it cheer him up. Eventually the shop keeper said " tekhi" and produced a bottle that looked very like a bottle of rum, we could read the word distilled and Vat on the bottle, Hugh said this must be rum, and he bought it. Back at camp Paddy gave us all some in our tin mugs and took a good drink himself, when he came up for air he said "Ho my, that is awful strong" Some of the lads were spluttering all over the place. Myself I had sipped a small amount, it seemed to burn the back of my mouth and throat. We all agreed it was not rum and took it along to one of the Indian workers who could speak English; he told us it was a bottle of  "Nerve Tonic"

Wednesday 30th September 1942

Today is my twenty first birthday. I had always looked forward to a happy 21st, lots of birthday cards, maybe a presents or two, all my relations and friends round to wish me many happy returns of the day, a party in the evening. Definitely the comfort of my own home, and certainly three good meals. How different to my expectations, everything turned out. To start, I am thousands of miles from home in this flaming hot dusty country plagued by mosquitoes, flies, and thousands of other insects. This morning the char wallah did not bring the lads in our basha the morning mug of tea!! That meant we were not woken up and therefore missed the first parade and were all put on a charge. I have been on many charges since I joined the army but this was the first time that it was not my own fault, we were not woken up. This made us late for breakfast when we went into the mess, the cook said "you lads are late, breakfast will be cold" The porridge had gone all lumpy and was cold, next was two Soya sausage and some watery canned tomatoes, not only cold but uneatable, there was some bread and jam, but I don't like jam and the bread was infested with weevils. On my way to one of the gun-sites on the air-field I was delayed by the number of bullock carts on the road. When I got to one of the many bamboo bridges on the road it was being repaired by the engineers and we could go across, that meant a detour of many miles. That meant we could not get back to our camp in time for tiffin, we managed to get a corned beef sandwich and a mug of tea in the site cookhouse. Our evening meal back at camp, bully beef, tinned carrot's (not my favourite vegetable) and canned Potato's followed by jam-duff, a pudding I never eat. There is one thing in this camp the food does not go into the waste bin, there are always young children about with their tins and they are only too pleased to take any left-over away. Just after I had got into bed I heard Paddy shouting snake! snake! Some of the lads jumped out of bed, grabbed sticks and went chasing the poor thing, I could hear the canes swishing as they laid into it, when they came in they said it had got away in the dark. As I turned over and went to sleep I thought! Well it will live a few more days to see off more rats. And so ended my twenty first birthday.

Copyright © Keith Maloney 2010 - 2022